Dual Fueling a Lister Diesel Engine with Producer Gas Generated from Wastepaper and Biosolids
Journal of Engineering Research and Reports,
Page 27-44
DOI:
10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i917489
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate if wastepaper and biosolids can be used to dual-fuel a small diesel generator with producer gas produced by a tiny Imbert style downdraft gasifier. The waste paper was formed into 20 cm³ to 60 cm³ chunks, dried to a 6% moisture content and gasified. The energy potential that could be provided was up to 3.24 kWh/kg at a diesel usage of 60 ml/6 min
Chunks made from Wastepaper and biosolids showed a higher energy output of up to 9.23 kWh/kg at a diesel usage of 45 ml/6 min. run. However, chunks containing waste paper showed not to be a valid fuel option due to its low density, difficulty to gasify, tar production, and tendency to hang up in the gasifier, which caused difficulties in the gasifier and engine and system operation overall.
Biosolids chunks with a volume of 15 cm³ have the potential to provide up to 3.6 kWh/kg at a diesel usage of 5 ml/6min without operational problems in regards to tar formation and operational stability and energy generated by the genset system.
A ton of biosolids could generate up to 3,600 kWh of energy. Additional savings for disposal of biosolids including trucking could be realized based.
Keywords:
- Biomass
- biosolids
- downdraft Imbert style gasifier
- dual fueling
- gasification
- wastepaper chunks.
How to Cite
Bates, R., & Dölle, K. (2021). Dual Fueling a Lister Diesel Engine with Producer Gas Generated from Wastepaper and Biosolids. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 21(9), 27-44. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2021/v21i917489
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Bracmort K. Is biopower carbon neutral. Congressional Research Service. Available from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41603.pdf.
Bates R, Dölle K. Producer gas use in internal combustion engine – A practical approach. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field (IJIRMF) 2017;3(7):157-65.
Ivanhoe LF. Future world oil supplies: There is a finite limit. World Oil. 1995;216(10):ISSN: 0043-8790.
Hall C, Tharakan P, Hallock J, Cleveland C, Jefferson M. Hydrocarbons and the evolution of human culture. Nature. 2003;426:318-22.
Maggio G, Cacciola G. A variant of the Hubbert curve for world oil production forecasts. Energy Policy. 2009;37:4761-70.
Rehrl T, Friedrich R. Modeling long term oil price and extraction with a Hubbert approach, the LOPEX model. Energy Policy 2006;34:2413-28.
Ni M, Leung DYC, Leung MKH, Sumathy K. An overview of hydrogen production from biomass. Fuel Process Technology. 2006;87:461-72.
Demirbas A. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Convers Management. 2001;42:1357-78.
Sheth PN, Babu BV. Experimental studies on producer gas generation from wood waste in a downdraft biomass gasifier. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:3127-33.
Reed TB, Das A. Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems. Biomass Energy Foundation. 1988.
McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 2): Conversion technologies. Bioresource Technology. 2002;83(1):47-7.
Brusca S, Chiodo V, Galvagno A, Lanzafame R, Garrano A. Analysis of reforming gas combustion in internal combustion engine. Energy Procedia. 2014;45:899-9.
Hagos F, Aziz A, Sulaiman S. Trends of syngas as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2014;2014(401587):1-10.
Dogru M, Midilli A, Howarth C. Gasification of sewage sludge using a throated downdraft gasifier and uncertainty analysis. Fuel Process Technol. 2002 1/18;75(1):55-27.
Kumar A, Jones DD, Hanna MA. Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review of the current status of the technology. Energies. 2009;2:556-81.
Bates RP, Dölle K. Dual Fueling a Diesel Engine with Producer Gas Produced from Woodchips. Advances in Research. (AIR) 2018;14(1):1-9.
Bates RP, Dölle K. Start-up of a pilot scale downdraft imbert style gasifier using willow and sugar maple wood chips. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field (IJIRMF). 2017;3(6):379-86.
Baratieria M, Baggiob P, Bosioc B, Grigianteb M, Longo G. The use of biomass syngas in IC engines and CCGT plants: A comparative analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2009;29:3309-9.
Whitty K, Zhang H, Eddings E. Emissions from syngas combustion. Combustion Science and Technology. 2008;180:1117-19.
Lora E, Andrade R. Biomass as energy source in brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2009;13:777-11.
Asadullah M. Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;29:201-4.
Keith W. Have wood will travel complete plans for the keith gasifier. 1st ed. Wayne Keith; 2013.
1939 Woodgas engine aircraft ac-4.
Available:https://ww2aircraft.net/forum/threads/1939-woodgas-engine-aircraft-ac-4.51204/.
Rakopoulos C, Michos N. Development and validation of a multi-zone combustion model for performance and nitric oxide formation in syngas fueled spark ignition engine. Energy Conversion and Management. 2008;49:2924-14.
Bossel U. Well-to-wheel studies, heating values, and the energy conservation principle. European Fuel Cell Forum. 2003:5.
Sadaka S. Gasification, producer gas and syngas. Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA1051; University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Research and Extension.
Sridhar G, Paul P, Mukunda H. Biomass derived producer gas as a reciprocating engine fuel—an experimental analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2001;21:61-11.
Bermudez JM, Fidalgo B. 15.3.3.4 production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen via gasification. In: Handbook of biofuels production (second edition). 2016.
Christensen M, Hultqvist A, Johansson B. Demonstrating the Multi Fuel Capability of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Variable Compression Ratio. 1999.
Wood BD. Applications of thermodynamics. Second ed. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1982.
Szwaja S, Kovacs V, Bereczky A, Penninger A. Sewage sludge producer gas enriched with methane as a fuel to a spark ignited engine. Fuel Processing Technology. 2013;110:160-6.
Hossain A, Davies P. Pyrolysis liquids and gases as alternative fuels in internal combustion engines–Areview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013;21:165-24.
Bates RP, Dölle K. Syngas Use in Combustion Engines – A Review. Advances in Research (AIR). 2017;10(1):1-8.
Boloy R, Silveira J, Tuna C, Coronado C, Antunes J. Ecological impacts from syngas burning in internal combustion engine: technical and economic aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011;15:5194-7.
Das D, Dash S, Ghosal M. Performance study of a diesel engine by using producer gas from selected agricultural residues on dual-fuel mode of diesel-cum-producer gas World Renewable Energy Congress - Sweden 8-13 may 2011 Linkoping Sweden 2011; Sustainable Transport:3541-8.
Chapter Two, Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Diesel Micro-Pilot Ignited Dual-Fuel Engine.
Available:http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/44437.pdf.
Kaupp A, Goss J. State of the Art Report for Small Scale (to 50 kW) Gas Producer – Engine Systems. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1981. Report nr Forest Service Contract No. 53-319R-0-141.
FAO U. Wood gas as engine fuel, FAO 72. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1986;72.
Malik A, Singh L, Singh I. Utilization of biomass as engine fuel. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2009;68:887-3.
Raman P, Ram N. Performance analysis of an internal combustion engine operated on producer gas, in comparison with the performance of the natural gas and diesel engines. Energy. 2013;63:317-16.
59. Boehman A, Corre O. Combustion of syngas in internal combustion engines. Combustion Science and Technology. 2008;180(6):1193-13.
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Available:https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk.
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Hagos FY, Aziz ARA, Sulaiman SA, Mahgoub BKM. Low and medium calorific value gas combustion in IC engines. In: Developments in combustion technology. https://www.intechopen.com/books/developments-in-combustion-technology/low-and-medium-calorific-value-gasification-gas-combustion-in-ic-engines; 2016.
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Tian Y, Cui L, Lin Q, Li G, Zhao X. The sewage sludge biochar at low pyrolysis temperature had better improvement in urban soil and turf grass. Agronomy. 2019;9(3):156.
Campbell RM, Anderson NM, Daugaard DE, Naughton HT. Financial viability of biofuel and biochar production from forest biomass in the face of market price volatility and uncertainty. Applied Energy. 2018;230:330-43.
Properties and beneficial uses of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysis;
Available:http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/presentations/A_G_Capodaglio.pdf
Bunchan S, Poowadin T, Trairatanasirichai K. A study of throat size effect on downdraft biomass gasifier efficiency. Energy Procedia. 2017;138:745-50.
Singh C, Sekhar S, Thyagarajan K. Performance studies on downdraft gasifier with biomass energy sources available in remote villages. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2014;11(4):611- 22
Reed TB, Das A. Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems. Biomass Energy Foundation; 1988.
10. Atnaw S, Sulaiman S, Yusup S. Influence of fuel moisture content and reactor temperature on the calorific value of syngas resulted from gasification of oil palm fronds. Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014(121908).
AYDIN S, GUNEYSU S, ARAYICI S. Carbonization and reuse possibilities of domestic and industrial sewage sludge. Journal of Residuals Science and Technology. 2005;2(4):215-20.
Werle S, Dudziak M. Analysis of organic and inorganic contaminants in dried sewage sludge and by-products of dried sewage sludge gasification. Energies 2014;7:462-76.
Biochar: Prospects of Commercialization [Internet]: Cooperative Extension.
Available:https://farm-energy.extension.org/biochar-prospects-of-commercialization/#The%20State%20of%20the%20Biochar%20Industry.
Tian Y, Cui L, Lin Q, Li G, Zhao X. The sewage sludge biochar at low pyrolysis temperature had better improvement in urban soil and turf grass. Agronomy. 2019;9(3):156.
Campbell RM, Anderson NM, Daugaard DE, Naughton HT. Financial viability of biofuel and biochar production from forest biomass in the face of market price volatility and uncertainty. Applied Energy. 2018;230:330-43.
Properties and beneficial uses of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysis.
Available:http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/presentations/A_G_Capodaglio.pdf
Available:https://www.eia.gov/todayinenerg y/detail.php?id=11951.
Klyashtorin L, Lyubushin A. On the coherence between dynamics of the world fuel consumption and global temperature anomaly. Energy and Environment 2003;14(6):773-82.
On global warming and the role of fossil fuels [Internet]: Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Available: http://www.ausimm.com.au/content/docs/l_k_walker.pdf.
Official Energy Statistics from the US Government, Total Consumption of Petroleum Products.
Available:Available: https://www.eia.gov/
United States Census Bureau. Historical Population change Data(1910-2020)
Available:https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html
United States Census Bureau. Demographic Turning Points for the United States: Population Projections for 2020 to 2060.
Available:https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2020/demo/p25-1144.pdf
U.S. Energy Information Administration: US energy consumption by source and sector.
Available:https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/flow/css_2019_energy.pdf
U.S. Energy Information Administration:.Today in Energy.
Available: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46676
Babu BV. Biomass pyrolysis: A state-of the- art review. Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining. 2008;2(5):393-414.
Biomass as Feedstock for a Energy and bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-ton annual Supply.
Available:Available: http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/p df/billion_ton_vision.pdf.
Bracmort K. Is biopower carbon neutral. Congressional Research Service. Available from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41603.pdf.
Bates R, Dölle K. Producer gas use in internal combustion engine – A practical approach. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field (IJIRMF) 2017;3(7):157-65.
Ivanhoe LF. Future world oil supplies: There is a finite limit. World Oil. 1995;216(10):ISSN: 0043-8790.
Hall C, Tharakan P, Hallock J, Cleveland C, Jefferson M. Hydrocarbons and the evolution of human culture. Nature. 2003;426:318-22.
Maggio G, Cacciola G. A variant of the Hubbert curve for world oil production forecasts. Energy Policy. 2009;37:4761-70.
Rehrl T, Friedrich R. Modeling long term oil price and extraction with a Hubbert approach, the LOPEX model. Energy Policy 2006;34:2413-28.
Ni M, Leung DYC, Leung MKH, Sumathy K. An overview of hydrogen production from biomass. Fuel Process Technology. 2006;87:461-72.
Demirbas A. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Convers Management. 2001;42:1357-78.
Sheth PN, Babu BV. Experimental studies on producer gas generation from wood waste in a downdraft biomass gasifier. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:3127-33.
Reed TB, Das A. Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems. Biomass Energy Foundation. 1988.
McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 2): Conversion technologies. Bioresource Technology. 2002;83(1):47-7.
Brusca S, Chiodo V, Galvagno A, Lanzafame R, Garrano A. Analysis of reforming gas combustion in internal combustion engine. Energy Procedia. 2014;45:899-9.
Hagos F, Aziz A, Sulaiman S. Trends of syngas as a fuel in internal combustion engines. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2014;2014(401587):1-10.
Dogru M, Midilli A, Howarth C. Gasification of sewage sludge using a throated downdraft gasifier and uncertainty analysis. Fuel Process Technol. 2002 1/18;75(1):55-27.
Kumar A, Jones DD, Hanna MA. Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review of the current status of the technology. Energies. 2009;2:556-81.
Bates RP, Dölle K. Dual Fueling a Diesel Engine with Producer Gas Produced from Woodchips. Advances in Research. (AIR) 2018;14(1):1-9.
Bates RP, Dölle K. Start-up of a pilot scale downdraft imbert style gasifier using willow and sugar maple wood chips. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Field (IJIRMF). 2017;3(6):379-86.
Baratieria M, Baggiob P, Bosioc B, Grigianteb M, Longo G. The use of biomass syngas in IC engines and CCGT plants: A comparative analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2009;29:3309-9.
Whitty K, Zhang H, Eddings E. Emissions from syngas combustion. Combustion Science and Technology. 2008;180:1117-19.
Lora E, Andrade R. Biomass as energy source in brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2009;13:777-11.
Asadullah M. Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;29:201-4.
Keith W. Have wood will travel complete plans for the keith gasifier. 1st ed. Wayne Keith; 2013.
1939 Woodgas engine aircraft ac-4.
Available:https://ww2aircraft.net/forum/threads/1939-woodgas-engine-aircraft-ac-4.51204/.
Rakopoulos C, Michos N. Development and validation of a multi-zone combustion model for performance and nitric oxide formation in syngas fueled spark ignition engine. Energy Conversion and Management. 2008;49:2924-14.
Bossel U. Well-to-wheel studies, heating values, and the energy conservation principle. European Fuel Cell Forum. 2003:5.
Sadaka S. Gasification, producer gas and syngas. Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA1051; University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture, Research and Extension.
Sridhar G, Paul P, Mukunda H. Biomass derived producer gas as a reciprocating engine fuel—an experimental analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2001;21:61-11.
Bermudez JM, Fidalgo B. 15.3.3.4 production of bio-syngas and bio-hydrogen via gasification. In: Handbook of biofuels production (second edition). 2016.
Christensen M, Hultqvist A, Johansson B. Demonstrating the Multi Fuel Capability of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Variable Compression Ratio. 1999.
Wood BD. Applications of thermodynamics. Second ed. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1982.
Szwaja S, Kovacs V, Bereczky A, Penninger A. Sewage sludge producer gas enriched with methane as a fuel to a spark ignited engine. Fuel Processing Technology. 2013;110:160-6.
Hossain A, Davies P. Pyrolysis liquids and gases as alternative fuels in internal combustion engines–Areview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2013;21:165-24.
Bates RP, Dölle K. Syngas Use in Combustion Engines – A Review. Advances in Research (AIR). 2017;10(1):1-8.
Boloy R, Silveira J, Tuna C, Coronado C, Antunes J. Ecological impacts from syngas burning in internal combustion engine: technical and economic aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011;15:5194-7.
Das D, Dash S, Ghosal M. Performance study of a diesel engine by using producer gas from selected agricultural residues on dual-fuel mode of diesel-cum-producer gas World Renewable Energy Congress - Sweden 8-13 may 2011 Linkoping Sweden 2011; Sustainable Transport:3541-8.
Chapter Two, Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of Diesel Micro-Pilot Ignited Dual-Fuel Engine.
Available:http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/44437.pdf.
Kaupp A, Goss J. State of the Art Report for Small Scale (to 50 kW) Gas Producer – Engine Systems. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1981. Report nr Forest Service Contract No. 53-319R-0-141.
FAO U. Wood gas as engine fuel, FAO 72. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1986;72.
Malik A, Singh L, Singh I. Utilization of biomass as engine fuel. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research. 2009;68:887-3.
Raman P, Ram N. Performance analysis of an internal combustion engine operated on producer gas, in comparison with the performance of the natural gas and diesel engines. Energy. 2013;63:317-16.
59. Boehman A, Corre O. Combustion of syngas in internal combustion engines. Combustion Science and Technology. 2008;180(6):1193-13.
23. Sewage Sludge Use and Disposal Sheet (40 CFR Part 503) - - Fact Sheet EPA-822-F-92-002.
Available:https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20003HMM.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1991+Thru+1994&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C91thru94%5CTxt%5C00000003%5C20003HMM.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL.
American Fact Finder.
Available:https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk.
Dölle K, Bates R. Bomb Calorimeter Data. Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY-ESF. 2016.
Hagos FY, Aziz ARA, Sulaiman SA, Mahgoub BKM. Low and medium calorific value gas combustion in IC engines. In: Developments in combustion technology. https://www.intechopen.com/books/developments-in-combustion-technology/low-and-medium-calorific-value-gasification-gas-combustion-in-ic-engines; 2016.
Facts and Figures about Materials, Waste and Recycling.
Available: https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials#Generation
Tian Y, Cui L, Lin Q, Li G, Zhao X. The sewage sludge biochar at low pyrolysis temperature had better improvement in urban soil and turf grass. Agronomy. 2019;9(3):156.
Campbell RM, Anderson NM, Daugaard DE, Naughton HT. Financial viability of biofuel and biochar production from forest biomass in the face of market price volatility and uncertainty. Applied Energy. 2018;230:330-43.
Properties and beneficial uses of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysis;
Available:http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/presentations/A_G_Capodaglio.pdf
Bunchan S, Poowadin T, Trairatanasirichai K. A study of throat size effect on downdraft biomass gasifier efficiency. Energy Procedia. 2017;138:745-50.
Singh C, Sekhar S, Thyagarajan K. Performance studies on downdraft gasifier with biomass energy sources available in remote villages. American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2014;11(4):611- 22
Reed TB, Das A. Handbook of biomass downdraft gasifier engine systems. Biomass Energy Foundation; 1988.
10. Atnaw S, Sulaiman S, Yusup S. Influence of fuel moisture content and reactor temperature on the calorific value of syngas resulted from gasification of oil palm fronds. Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014(121908).
AYDIN S, GUNEYSU S, ARAYICI S. Carbonization and reuse possibilities of domestic and industrial sewage sludge. Journal of Residuals Science and Technology. 2005;2(4):215-20.
Werle S, Dudziak M. Analysis of organic and inorganic contaminants in dried sewage sludge and by-products of dried sewage sludge gasification. Energies 2014;7:462-76.
Biochar: Prospects of Commercialization [Internet]: Cooperative Extension.
Available:https://farm-energy.extension.org/biochar-prospects-of-commercialization/#The%20State%20of%20the%20Biochar%20Industry.
Tian Y, Cui L, Lin Q, Li G, Zhao X. The sewage sludge biochar at low pyrolysis temperature had better improvement in urban soil and turf grass. Agronomy. 2019;9(3):156.
Campbell RM, Anderson NM, Daugaard DE, Naughton HT. Financial viability of biofuel and biochar production from forest biomass in the face of market price volatility and uncertainty. Applied Energy. 2018;230:330-43.
Properties and beneficial uses of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysis.
Available:http://uest.ntua.gr/athens2017/proceedings/presentations/A_G_Capodaglio.pdf
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