Potential Ecological Risk of Swamps Sediments in Illegal Refineries Sites: A Case Study of Isoko South, Delta State, Nigeria
Journal of Engineering Research and Reports,
Page 1-9
DOI:
10.9734/jerr/2020/v16i217160
Abstract
This study was carried to determine the level of heavy metals toxicity in swampy forest of Isoko South, Delta State, Nigeria. Sediments samples were collected from nine spatial points, within the swampy forest of Enwhe community of Delta State, Nigeria. The study area contained clusters of illegal crude oil refineries, before they were destroyed by the Nigeria military, during the first quarter of 2020. A total area of 1 km2 of the swampy environment was covered in this study. Six toxic heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni) contents, in the sediments were determined in accordance to international approved standards. The results revealed that the activities of the illegal refineries located in the study area, significantly increased the heavy metals toxicity in the sediments. When compared with the results obtained from a reference point, the concentrations of the heavy metals were significantly higher, across the study area. Within the study area, spatial points B and D sediments contained the highest heavy metals concentrations. In addition, the study revealed that contamination factor of the sediments ranged between moderate and high degree of heavy metals contamination. This portrayed the potential ecological risks of the illegal refineries activities, to the environment of the region. Therefore, if these illegal refineries activities are allowed to continue unabated, they will cause a serious ecological risk to the Niger Delta region ecosystems.
Keywords:
- Assessment
- ecological risk
- heavy metals
- sediments
- toxicity
How to Cite
Akpomrere, O. R., & Uguru, H. (2020). Potential Ecological Risk of Swamps Sediments in Illegal Refineries Sites: A Case Study of Isoko South, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 16(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2020/v16i217160
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Vwioko DE, Anoliefo GO, Fashemi SD. Metal concentration in plant tissues of Ricinus communis L. (castor oil) grown in soil contaminated with spent lubricating oil. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2006;10(3): 127-134.
Akpokodje OI, Uguru H, Esegbuyota D. Evaluation of phytoremediation potentials of different plants’ varieties in petroleum products polluted soil. Global Journal of Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 4(3):41-4
Available:https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/methods-and-importance-of-environmental-conservation.php
Retrieved on June 2020
Dousova B, Buzek F, Rothwell J, Krejcova S, Lhotka M. Adsorption behavior of arsenic relating to different natural solids: Soils, stream sediments and peats. Sci Total Environ. 2012;433:456- 461.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.063
Kolawole TO, Olatunji AS, Jimoh MT, Fajemila OT. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment in soils and sediments of an industrial area in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Health & Pollution. 2018;8(19):1-16
Adepoju-Bello AA, Ojomolade O, Ayoola G, Coker H. Quantitative analysis of some toxic metals in domestic water obtained from Lagos metropolis. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2009;42(1):57-60.
Eja CE, Ogri OR, Arikpo GE. Bioconcentration of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Great Kwa river estuary, Calabar, Southeast Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology. 2003;1:47-256.
Hammer MJ, Hammer MJ. Water Quality. In: Water and Wastewater Technology. 5th Edn. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2004;139-159.
Sarkar SK, Favas PJC, Rakshit D, Satpathy KK. Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and sediments, environmental risk assessment of soil contamination, maria C. Hernandez-Soriano, IntechOpen; 2014.
DOI: 10.5772/57295.
Available:https://www.intechopen.com/books/environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination/geochemical-speciation-and-risk-assessment-of-heavy-metals-in-soils-and-sediments
Gibson DT, Parales R. Aromatic hydro-carbon dioxygenases in environmental biotechnology. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 2000;11:236–243.
Shuhaimi MO. Metals concentration in the sediments of Richard Lake, Sudbury, Canada and sediment Toxicity in an Ampipod Hyalella azteca. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2008;1:34-41.
Chukwujindu MA, Godwin EN, Francis OA. Assessment of contamination by heavy metals in sediment of Ase-River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2007;1:220-228.
Akpomrere O R, Uguru H. Ecotoxicity Effect of Illegal Refineries on the Environment: A Case Study of Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Agriculture & Biology Research. 2020; 8(2):40-49
Oyo-Ita IO, Oyo-Ita EE, Ikip EO, Asuquo BB, Oyo-Ita OE. Assessment of toxicity potential of sedimentary PAHS from refome Lake, South-East Nigeria over the last century. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. 2020;8:1-15.
American Society of Testing and Materials -ASTM D1971/4691. Standard Prac-tices for Digestion of Water Samples for Determination of Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption, Plasma Emission Spectros-copy, or Plasma Mass Spectrometry. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2016.
Akpomrere OR, Uguru H. Uptake of heavy metals by native plants growing around an abandon crude oil refining site in southern Nigeria: A case study of African stargrass. Journal of Public Health and Environ-mental Technology. 2020;5(2):19-27.
Brady JP, Ayoko GA, Martens WN, Goonetilleke A. Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2018;187(5): 306.
Abdullah MZ, Saat A, Hamzah Z. Optimization of energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer to analyze heavy metals in moss samples. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2011;4:355-362.
Bashir I M, Zakari YI, Ibeanu IGE, Sadiq U. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in flooded soil of Kudenda, Kaduna State. Nigeria. American Journal of Engineering Research. 2014;3:197-204.
Harikumar PS, Nasir UP, Mujeebu Rahma MP. Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. International Journal of Environ-mental Science and Technology. 2009;6: 225-232.
Muzerengi C. Enrichment and geoaccumulation of Pb, Zn, As, Cd and Cr in Soils near New Union Gold Mine, Limpopo Province of South Africa. In C. Wolkers-dorfer, L. Sartz, M. Sillanpää, & A. Häkkinen (Eds.), Mine Water and Circular Economy. Finland: Lappeenranta; 2017.
Akpokodje OI, Uguru H. Bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil: Assessment of compost manure and organic soap. Transactions on Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. 2019; 7(5):13-23.
Akan JC, Abdulrahman FI, Sodipo OA, Ochanya AE, Askira YK. Heavy metals in sediments from River Ngada, Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxico-logy. 2010;2(9):131-140,
Baeyens W, Monteny F, Leermakers M, Bouillon S. Evalution of sequential extractions on dry and wet sediments. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003;376:890- 901.
Liu J, Yin P, Chen B, Gao F, Song H, Li M. Distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Luanhe River Estuary, northwest of the Bohai Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2016; 109(1):633–639.
Zhu H, Bing H, Yi H, Wu Y, Sun Z. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the caofeidian adjacent sea after the land reclamation, Bohai Bay. Journal of Chemistry. 2018;1-14.
Department of Petroleum Resources - DPR. Environmental Guidelines and Stan-dards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN), Abuja: Ministry of Petroleum Resources; 2002.
Akoto O, Ephraim JH, Darko G. Heavy metals pollution in surface soils in the vicinity of abundant railway servicing workshop in Kumasi, Ghana. Int. J. Environ. Res. 2008;2(4):359-364.
Guo JY, Wu FC, Zhang L, Liao HQ, Zhang RY, Li W, Zhao XL, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Screening Level of PAHs in Sediment Core from Lake Hongfeng. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxico-logy. 2011;60:590-596.
Inengite AK, Oforka NC, Osuji L C. Survey of heavy metals in sediments of Kolo creek in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2010;4:558-566.
Sha’Ato R, Benibo A, Itodo A, Wuana R. (2020) Evaluation of bottom sediment qualities in Ihetutu minefield, Ishiagu, Nigeria. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection. 2020;8:125-142.
DOI: 10.4236/gep.2020.84009
Vwioko DE, Anoliefo GO, Fashemi SD. Metal concentration in plant tissues of Ricinus communis L. (castor oil) grown in soil contaminated with spent lubricating oil. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 2006;10(3): 127-134.
Akpokodje OI, Uguru H, Esegbuyota D. Evaluation of phytoremediation potentials of different plants’ varieties in petroleum products polluted soil. Global Journal of Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 4(3):41-4
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